a tombstone

* * *

* * *

• May the earth be light upon you

• tombstone inscription

āra, ae, f. (Osc. form aasa; Umbr. asa: PELLEX. ASAM. IVNONIS. NE. TAGITO., Lex Numae ap. Gell. 4, 3, 3; cf. Serv. ad Verg. A. 4, 219; Macr. S. 3, 2) [perh. Sanscr. ās, Gr. hêmai, Dor. hêsmai = to sit, as the seat or resting-place of the victim or offering; v. Curt. p. 381 sq.], an altar.

Lit.: Jovis aram sanguine turpari, Enn. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 35, 85 (Trag. v. 125 Vahl.):

Inde ignem in aram, ut Ephesiae Dianae laeta laudes,

Plaut. Mil. 2, 5, 1:

omnīs accedere ad aras... aras sanguine multo Spargere,

Lucr. 5, 1199 sq.; so id. 1, 84:

turicremas aras,

id. 2, 353 (adopted by Verg. A. 4, 453);

2, 417: multo sanguine maesti Conspergunt aras adolentque altaria donis,

id. 4, 1237 al.:

ara Aio Loquenti consecrata,

Cic. Div. 1, 45, 101:

ara condita atque dicata,

Liv. 1, 7; cf. Suet. Claud. 2:

ara sacrata,

Liv. 40, 22; cf. Suet. Tib. 14:

exstruere,

id. Aug. 15; so Vulg. 4 Reg. 21, 4:

construere,

ib. 2 Par. 33, 3:

facere,

ib. ib. 33, 15:

erigere,

ib. Num. 23, 4:

aedificare,

ib. 3 Reg. 14, 23:

ponere,

ib. ib. 16, 32:

destruere,

ib. Exod. 34, 13, and ib. Jud. 6, 25:

subvertere,

ib. Deut. 7, 5:

dissipare,

ib. ib. 12, 3:

suffodere,

ib. Jud. 31, 32:

demolire,

ib. Ezech. 6, 4:

depopulari, ib. Osee, 10, 2: interibunt arae vestrae,

ib. Ezech. 6, 6 et saep.—Altars were erected not only in the temples, but also in the streets and highways, in the open air, Plaut. Aul. 4, 1, 20.—Esp. were altars erected in the courts of houses (impluvia), for the family gods (Penates), while the household gods (Lares) received offerings upon a small hearth (focus) in the family hall (atrium); hence, arae et foci, meton. for home, or hearth and home, and pro aris et focis pugnare, to fight for altars and fires, for one's dearest possessions:

urbem, agrum, aras, focos seque dedere,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 71:

te amicum Deiotari regis arae focique viderunt,

Cic. Deiot. 3:

de vestris conjugibus ac liberis, de aris ac focis, decernite,

id. Cat. 4, 11, 24; id. Sest. 42:

nos domicilia, sedesque populi Romani, Penates, aras, focos, sepulcra majorum defendimus,

id. Phil. 8, 3:

patriae, parentibus, aris atque focis bellum parare,

Sall. C. 52, 3:

pro patriā, pro liberis, pro aris atque focis suis cernere,

id. ib. 59, 5:

sibi pro aris focisque et deūm templis ac solo, in quo nati essent, dimicandum fore,

Liv. 5, 30 et saep.—Criminals fled to the altars for protection, Don. ad Ter. Heaut. 5, 2, 22:

interim hanc aram occupabo,

Plaut. Most. 5, 1, 45:

Priamum cum in aram confugisset, hostilis manus interemit,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 35, 85:

eo ille confugit in arāque consedit,

Nep. Paus. 4, 4:

Veneris sanctae considam vinctus ad aras: haec supplicibus favet,

Tib. 4, 13, 23.—Hence, trop., protection, refuge, shelter:

tamquam in aram confugitis ad deum,

Cic. N. D. 3, 10, 25:

ad aram legum confugere,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 3:

hic portus, haec ara sociorum,

id. ib. 2, 5, 48; Ov. Tr. 4, 5, 2; 5, 6, 14; id. H. 1, 110; id. P. 2, 8, 68.—One who took an oath was accustomed to lay hold of the altar, in confirmation of it, Plaut. Rud. 5, 2, 46:

qui si aram tenens juraret, crederet nemo,

Cic. Fl. 36, 90; Nep. Hann. 2, 4 (cf. Liv. 21, 1):

tango aras, medios ignes et numina testor,

Verg. A. 12, 201; 4, 219: ara sepulcri, a funeral pile, regarded as an altar, Verg. A. 6, 177; Sil. 15, 388.—

Meton.

The Altar, a constellation in the southern sky, Gr. Thutêrion (Arat. 403 al.): Aram, quam flatu permulcet spiritus austri, poët. ap. Cic. N. D. 2, 44, 114; so Cic. Arat. 202; 213 Orell.; Hyg. Astr. 2, 39, and id. ib. 3, 38:

pressa,

i. e. low in the south, Ov. M. 2, 139. —

Arae, The Altars.

Rocky cliffs in the Mediterranean Sea, between Sicily Sardinia and Africa, so called from their shape, Varr. ap. Serv. ad Verg. A. 1, 108;

Quadrig. Ann. ib.: saxa vocant Itali, mediis quae in fluctibus, Aras,

Verg. A. 1, 109.—

Arae Philaenorum, v. Philaeni.—

Transf., in gen., a monument of stone:

ara virtutis,

Cic. Phil. 14, 13:

Lunensis ara,

of Lunensian marble, Suet. Ner. 50 fin. —Also [p. 150] a tombstone:

ARAM D. S. P. R. (de suā pecuniā restituit),

Inscr. Orell. 4521; so ib. 4522; 4826.

cippus ( cīpus), i, m. [kindr. with scipio; cf. skêptô], a pale, stake, post, pillar, Lucil. ap. Fest. p. 258; and specif.,

A gravestone, tombstone, * Hor. S. 1, 8, 12; Pers. 1, 37; Prud. Apoth. 361; Inscr. Orell. 4524 al.—

In the Agrimensores, a landmark, boundary-stone or post, Simplic. ap. Goes. p. 88.—

In milit. lang., cippi, ōrum, m., a bulwark formed of sharpened stakes, Caes. B. G. 7, 73.

cippus ( cīpus), i, m. [kindr. with scipio; cf. skêptô], a pale, stake, post, pillar, Lucil. ap. Fest. p. 258; and specif.,

A gravestone, tombstone, * Hor. S. 1, 8, 12; Pers. 1, 37; Prud. Apoth. 361; Inscr. Orell. 4524 al.—

In the Agrimensores, a landmark, boundary-stone or post, Simplic. ap. Goes. p. 88.—

In milit. lang., cippi, ōrum, m., a bulwark formed of sharpened stakes, Caes. B. G. 7, 73.

cippus ( cīpus), i, m. [kindr. with scipio; cf. skêptô], a pale, stake, post, pillar, Lucil. ap. Fest. p. 258; and specif.,

A gravestone, tombstone, * Hor. S. 1, 8, 12; Pers. 1, 37; Prud. Apoth. 361; Inscr. Orell. 4524 al.—

In the Agrimensores, a landmark, boundary-stone or post, Simplic. ap. Goes. p. 88.—

In milit. lang., cippi, ōrum, m., a bulwark formed of sharpened stakes, Caes. B. G. 7, 73.

ē-lŏgĭum, ii, n. [logus; cf. Rost. Opusc. Plaut. I. p. 93 sq.], an utterance, short saying, sentence. —In partic.

A short maxim, saying:

Solonis,

Cic. de Sen. 20, 73.—

An inscription on a tombstone (so most freq.), Cato ap. Gell. 3, 7, 19; Cic. de Sen. 17, 61; id. Fin. 2, 35; id. Tusc. 1, 14, 31; id. Pis. 29 fin.; Suet. Claud. 1 al. (Vide old examples of such Elogia in Orell. Inscr. 534 sq.) Also on doors, Plaut. Merc. 2, 3, 74;

on the images of ancestors,

Suet. Galb. 3;

on votive tablets,

id. Calig. 24.—

A clause in a will (especially which disinherits one), Cic. Clu. 48, 135; cf. Quint. 7, 4, 20; Dig. 28, 2, 14 fin.; 37, 10, 1, § 9; Suet. Vita Hor. sub init.; hence, in the Cod. Just., ultima elogia, for last will or testament in gen., Cod. 3, 28, 37, § 1 al.—

A judicial statement, record, abstract in criminal cases (respecting the criminal's offence, punishment, etc.), Suet. Calig. 27; Spart. Sever. 2; Lampr. Alex. Sever. 33; Amm. 7, 2; 19, 12:

vertices sub uno elogio jussit occidi,

a single warrant, id. 14, 7, 1;

so the jurid. expression: mittere aliquem cum elogio,

to send a criminal before the proper magistrates, with a specification of his offence, Dig. 48, 3, 11; 49, 16, 3 al.

lăpillus, i, m. dim. [lapis], a little stone, a pebble (perh. not ante-Aug.).

In gen.:

invitat somnos crepitantibus unda lapillis,

Ov. M. 11, 604; Plin. 10, 23, 30, § 59 sq. —Lucky days were marked with white, and unlucky ones with black stones (cf. calculus, 2. e.);

hence: felix utraque lux diesque nobis Signandi melioribus lapillis,

i. e. with white stones, Mart. 9, 53, 5; cf.:

hunc Macrine, diem numera meliore lapillo,

Pers. 2, 1; cf. also Plin. 7, 40, 41, § 131. —In trials at law, a white stone was cast as a vote for acquittal, a black stone for condemnation:

mos erat antiquus niveis atrisque lapillis, His damnare reos, illis absolvere culpa,

Ov. M. 15, 41.—

In partic.

Stone in the bladder, gravel:

ejectus calculoso,

Plin. 28, 4, 9, § 42.—

A precious stone, gem, jewel; marble, etc.: inter niveos viridesque lapillos, i. e. pearls and emeralds, Hor. S. 1, 2, 80:

caris aures onerare lapillis,

Ov. A. A. 3, 129:

indici,

Mart. 1, 110, 4:

Libyci,

bits of Numidian marble, Hor. Ep. 1, 10, 19.—

A tombstone, Inscr. ap. Murat. 1536, 6; cf. Burm. Anth. Lat. 2, p. 269.

lăpis, ĭdis (abl. lapi, Enn. ap. Prisc. 708 P.; gen. plur. lapiderum, C. Gell. ap. Charis. p. 40 P.), m. (f.: tanto sublatae sunt augmine tunc lapides, Enn. ap. Non. 211, 9) [etym. dub.; perh. from same root with rupes; cf. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 545; not connected with laas, Curt. Gr. Etym. p. 542], a stone (cf.: saxum, silex, cautes, cos, calculus).

In gen.:

stillicidi casus lapidem cavat,

Lucr. 1, 313:

undique lapides in murum jaci coepti sunt,

Caes. B. G. 2, 6; cf. Cic. Mil. 15, 41:

pars eminus glande aut lapidibus pugnare,

Sall. J. 57, 4:

lapide percussus,

Plaut. Stich. 4, 2, 33:

lapidem habere, ut illi cerebrum excutiam,

id. Capt. 3, 4, 69; cf. Cic. de Or. 2, 47, 197:

consul ingentem vim modicorum, qui funda mitti possent, lapidum paraverat,

Liv. 38, 20, 1; Gell. 4, 14, 3 sqq.:

e lapide duro parietes construere,

Plin. 36, 22, 51, § 171:

lapis duritia marmoris,

id. 36, 22, 46, § 163:

bibulus,

sandstone, pumice-stone, Verg. G. 2, 348:

molaris,

a millstone, Quint. 2, 19, 3; cf.:

num me illue ducis, ubi lapis lapidem terit?

i. e. into the mill, Plaut. As. 1, 1, 16: Parius, Parian stone, i. e. Parian marble, Verg. A. 1, 593:

lapide candidiore diem notare,

i. e. to mark with a white stone the luckiest day, Cat. 68, 148; cf. lapillus.—

Trop. for dulness, stupidity, want of feeling:

ego me credidi homini docto rem mandare: is lapidi mando maximo,

Plaut. Merc. 3, 4, 47:

i, quid stas, lapis? quin accipis?

Ter. Heaut. 4, 7, 3; cf. id. ib. 5, 1, 43:

tu, inquam, mulier, quae me omnino lapidem, non hominem putas,

id. Hec. 2, 1, 17;

and with silex (q. v.): tu es lapide silice stultior,

Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 78; cf.:

lapides mehercule omnes flere ac lamentari coëgisses,

Cic. de Or. 1, 57, 245:

lapis est ferrumque suam quicumque puellam verberat,

Tib. 1, 10, 59:

aut mare prospiciens in saxo frigida sedi, quamque lapis sedes, tam lapis ipsa fui,

Ov. H. 19, 30.—Prov.:

lapidem ferre altera manu, altera panem ostentare,

i. e. to flatter openly and injure secretly, Plaut. Aul. 2, 2, 18:

verberare lapidem,

i. e. to hurt one's self more than one's enemy, id. Curc. 1, 3, 41:

lapides loqui,

to speak hard words, id. Aul. 2, 1, 29:

ad eundem lapidem bis offendere,

to commit the same error twice, Aus. Ep. 11; so,

bis ad eundem (sc. lapidem),

Cic. Fam. 10, 20, 2.—

In partic.

A mile-stone, set up on the roads at every thousand paces, which made a Roman mile;

hence, with an ordinal numeral added to denote distance in miles: ad quartum et vicesimum lapidem a Roma,

Varr. R. R. 3, 2, 14; cf.:

effoditur ad vigesimum ab Urbe lapidem,

Plin. 33, 12, 56, § 159:

sacra videt fieri sextus ab Urbe lapis,

Ov. F. 6, 682:

intra vicesimum lapidem,

Liv. 5, 4 fin.:

duodecimum apud lapidem,

Tac. A. 3, 45:

a tertio lapide,

Flor. 2, 6 fin.: ad lapidem undecimum, Paul. ex Fest. p. 250 Müll.—Sometimes ellipt. without lapis:

ad duodecimum a Cremona,

Tac. H. 2, 24:

ad quartum,

id. ib. 2, 39:

ad octavum,

id. ib. 3, 15.—

The stone or stone elevation on which the prætor stood at slavesales:

in eo ipso astas lapide, ubi praeco praedicat,

Plaut. Bacch. 4, 7, 17; Col. 3, 3, 8:

praeter duos de lapide emptos tribunos,

Cic. Pis. 15, 35.—

Terminalis, a landmark, boundary-stone, Amm. 18, 2, 15;

called lapis alone,

Lact. 1, 20 fin.; so,

lapis sacer,

Liv. 41, 13; cf.:

non fixus in agris, qui regeret certis finibus arva, lapis,

Tib. 1, 3, 44; cf. id. 1, 1, 12.—

A gravestone, tombstone, Prop. 3 (4), 1, 37; Tib. 1, 3, 54;

called also ultimus,

Prop. 1, 17, 20.—

A precious stone, gem, jewel, pearl (mostly poet.), Cat. 69, 3:

gemmas et lapides,

Hor. C. 3, 24, 48:

clari lapides,

id. ib. 4, 13, 14; Ov. A. A. 1, 432; Sil. 12, 231; Mart. 11, 50, 4; Tac. A. 3, 53; Macr. S. 7, 13, 11.—

A statue: Jovem lapidem jurare, the statue of Jupiter at the Capitol, Cic. Fam. 7, 12, 2; Gell. 1, 21, 4; v. Juppiter.—

Meton.:

albus,

a table of white marble, a marble table, Hor. S. 1, 6, 116.